How to make standard solutions for Chemistry:

There are  two common types of "standard solutions".
1- Molar Solutions
 2-Normal Solutions
 Both of these solutions are concentrations (or “strengths”) of a particular component
(solute) that is dissolved in a solvent.
Making a Molar solution usually involves fewer mental steps than does making a Normal
solutions.

Acids in Laboratories:Hydrocloric acid (HCl)dilute and concentrated

HCl (conc.) 12M (12N)
HCl (dil.)     5M (5N) (Approximately) Dilute 330 mL of conc. acid to 1 litre of water.

Acids in Laboratories:Glacial acetic acid and Acetic acid

Glacial acetic acid 17 M (17N)

Acetic acid(dil.) 5M (5N) Approx. Dilute 220 mL of glacial acetic acid with water to 1 litre.

Geothite:

The second most common mineral of iron after Heamatite, geothite has the formula FeO(OH) and is the principal component of yellow ochre,although it can also be in red color.

Gluon:

Gluon are subatomic particles that bind the fundamental particles 'quarks' together in the nucleus and so are integral to the stronger nuclear force.

Gluons have integer values of the spin quantum number. Quarks interact with one another by emitting and absorbing gluons, just as electrical subatomic particles interact through the emission or absorption of photons.Their existance was proved in 1979 with the observation of gluons by quarks in studies of high energy particle collisions.

An equilibrium constant of Nitric acid:

HNO3(g) + H2O(l) -------> NO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

The equilibrium constant expression is
                           K= [NO3-] [H3O+]
                               ---------------------
                                [HNO3] [H2O]

Calomel:

It is known as mercury(I) chloride or mercurous chloride Hg2cl2.calemol is heavy, soft, white mineral which can be fashioned into electrodes for use in electrochemical cells.

Absolute Alcohol:

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The common name given to ethanol ( ethyl alcohol) of low water content is absolute alcohol.Its chemical formula is CH3CH2OH.
Absolute alcohol has no more than 1% impurity; methanol and benzene being common impurities. Ethanol can be produced by fermentation of  Carbohydrates such as wheat or corn, or by the hydration of Ethene, which is the most common large scale industrial production technique.The relevant equation is:
            
                             CH2=CH2(g) + H2O -------> CH3CH2OH(g)

How halogens are detected in an organic compound in the presence of nitrogen and sulphur.

Sodium extract is first boiled with conc.nitric acid before adding silver nitrate solution for detection of halogens. Boiling with nitric acid will destroy the CN and S which if present will give white and black ppt. respectively.

Difference between Organic and Inorganic substances:

Organic compounds are generally covalent in nature whereas the inorganic salts are ionic.On contrary, Organic compounds are restricted to few elements like C, H,O,X, N, S and sometimes metals like Mg, Zn etc.